Original researchEffect of Mulligan Concept Lumbar SNAG on Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Introduction
Low back pain (LBP) is a major health problem because of its high prevalence worldwide.1 It affects almost every adult person at least once throughout his or her life span.2 Low back pain is considered a multidimensional medical problem having multiple risk and causative factors.3, 4, 5 The most common type of LBP is the nonspecific type, which is lacking definite pathologic cause. This nonspecific type represents about 85% of the LBP population.6
Pain in the low back has gained considerable attention within the medical community because of its major socioeconomic impact. It is a major cause for seeking medical help, deterioration of functional ability, limitations in occupational activities, and work absence.2
There is no evidence suggesting the superiority of a specific treatment of LBP over others.7 Moreover, most of the available treatments used in clinical practice have little or short-term effect.6 Manual therapy is a common therapeutic approach used in the treatment of back problems. A recent systematic review reported medium to high evidence regarding the efficacy of manual therapies in the treatment of chronic LBP.8 Different manual therapies, such as passive Maitland mobilization and Mulligan mobilization with movement, are used routinely in physical therapy practice.9
There is a gap in research concerning the efficacy of different manual techniques and their different physiological effects.10 This is true regarding lumbar sustained natural apophyseal glide (SNAG), which is commonly used in the treatment of LBP.11 SNAG is one of the Mulligan concept techniques performed from a weight-bearing position, with the mobilizing force applied over the affected spinous process while the patient is enacting the painful or limited movement. SNAG, when indicated, can provide immediate pain relief and improvement in range of motion (ROM) as it corrects the positional fault in facet joint.9
The majority of the research concerned with SNAG techniques has concentrated on the study of peripheral joints12, 13, 14 and the cervical region.15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Few studies have been concerned with the effects of SNAG on the lumbar spine.10, 21, 22 The rest of the available research was in the form of case reports or case series.23, 24
Only 5 trials have investigated different effects of the SNAG technique when applied to the lumbar region, none of them concerned with its effects on proprioception. Range of motion was investigated in 4 out of the 5 studies. It was improved in 3 of them10, 25, 26; no change was reported in the fourth trial by Moutzouri et al.21 The increase in ROM was reported only in the studies performed on LBP patients, and no improvement was reported when applied on healthy participants.
Pain was investigated in 3 studies.10, 25, 26 It improved in 2 of them,25, 26 although in the third study, Konstantinou et al failed to report any significant change.10 Pain was measured with a visual analog scale (VAS) in all studies and in the present study. The controversy in the available literature regarding effects of lumbar SNAG on pain measure necessitates further investigation, as we did in the present study.
Functional disability level was recorded in 2 studies using 2 different tools.25, 26 The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used by Hidalgo et al,25 whereas the back performance scale was used by Heggannavar et al.26 On both occasions patients reported better improvement in the level of function in response to SNAG.
New explanations for the effects of the lumbar SNAG were investigated in one study. Moutzouri et al have investigated the changes in the sympathetic activity of the lower limbs in healthy participants after the application of SNAG on the lumbar spine. Their results did not indicate any significant effect.22
Sensorimotor control, spinal segmental function, dynamic joint stability, and good motor control all are integral parts of back function. They largely are affected by proprioceptive deficits. Improper proprioceptive inputs may play a role in the development of LBP.27, 28, 29, 30, 31 A systematic review conducted recently reported a reduction in proprioception along with decrease in ROM and slowed movement in patients with LBP compared with normal counterparts.32 The results of this study support the link between LBP and proprioception deficits.
Repositioning error (RE) was found to be limited around 30° of trunk flexion in patients with LBP, as reported by Hidalgo et al33 and Georgy.28 The importance of studying proprioceptive response to different manual therapies seems to be of great importance; however; Gong was the first to study the change in RE in response to manual therapies (Gong mobilization).34 No research has studied the effect of SNAG technique on the lumbar RE.
Studying the effects of SNAG on different body systems provides more understanding of its underlying mechanism and helps practitioners to properly use it in clinical practice. Only a few studies have focused on neurophysiological effects of SNAG technique12, 22; the majority have investigated its mechanical effect.21, 26, 35, 36 Some of the available reports cannot be used for generalization because of the limitations encountered in the study design.23, 37
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding Mulligan concept lumbar SNAG to a conventional LBP program on RE, pain, and function compared with a conventional LBP program alone in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. We hypnotized that adding SNAG to the conventional LBP treatment would give more favorable results regarding the studied outcome measures.
Section snippets
Design
A randomized controlled trial was implemented to investigate the effect of adding Mulligan concept lumbar SNAG to conventional treatment of chronic nonspecific LBP on 3 dependent variables: RE of the lumbar spine, pain, and function. Data collection was performed on 2 occasions, before and after the end of the treatment program. The study was conducted between November 2015 and January 2016.
Participants
Forty-nine patients with back pain were recruited from the faculty of physical therapy outpatient clinic,
Results
There were no significant differences between study and control groups regarding demographic data as shown in Table 1. Additionally, the male to female ratio was not significantly different between the study and control groups.
Mixed-MANOVA results revealed that there was a significant interaction effect of treatments and time on RE, VAS, and ODI (P = .006). Moreover, there was a significant main effect of time (P > .001) as both groups had an improvement in all outcome measures at the end of
Discussion
To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first trial concerned with the effects of lumbar SNAG on the RE of the lumbar spine as a primary outcome measure in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. The results of the present study suggest improvements in RE, pain, and functional disability in both control and SNAG groups; however, greater improvement was identified in the SNAG group. According to these preliminary results, adding lumbar SNAG to a conventional low back program may help to obtain
Conclusions
This study provides preliminary evidence that adding lumbar SNAG to a conventional LBP program consisting of stretching and strengthening exercises might be more effective in the treatment of chronic nonspecific LBP in terms of RE, pain, and functional level.
Funding Sources and Conflicts of Interest
No funding sources or conflicts of interest were reported for this study.
Contributorship Information
Concept development (provided idea for the research): H.M.H.
Design (planned the methods to generate the results): H.M.H., N.A.A., O.M.K.
Supervision (provided oversight, responsible for organization and implementation, writing of the manuscript): H.M.H., N.A.A., O.M.K.
Data collection/processing (responsible for experiments, patient management, organization, or reporting data): H.M.H., H.H.A.
Analysis/interpretation (responsible for statistical analysis, evaluation, and presentation of the
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Ahmed Taha Farrag, for review of the total design of the manuscript and providing feedback and comments, and Dr. Sobhi Mahmoud, for reviewing the statistics and results section of this study.
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