A proposed protocol for hand and table sanitizing in chiropractic clinics and education institutions

References 

1. Meeker WC, Haldeman S. Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:216–227
2. Christensen MG, Kollasch MW. Job analysis of chiropractic: a project report, survey analysis and summary of the practice of chiropractic within the United States—2005. Greeley (Colo): NBCE; 2005;
3. Ndetan H, Bae S, Evans MW, Rupert R, Singh K. Characterization of health status and modifiable risk behavior of individuals across the United States using chiropractic care as compared to general medical care [Abstract]. In: Proceedings and abstracts of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Research Agenda Conference. Tyson's Corner, VA. J Chiropr Ed. 22:2008;p. 72–73
4. Kronenberg F, Cushman LF, Wade CM, Kalmuss D, Chao MT. Race/ethnicity and women's use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: results of a national survey. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1236–1242
   • CrossRef
5. Pokras RS, Iler LL. Bacterial load on the chiropractic adjusting table. J Aust Chiropr Assoc. 1990;20:85–90
6. Bifero AE, Prakash J, Bergin J. The role of chiropractic adjusting tables as reservoirs for microbial diseases. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:155–157
   • Abstract
   • Full Text
   • Full-Text PDF (78 KB)
   • CrossRef
7. Evans MW, Breshears J, Campbell A, Husbands C, Rupert R. Assessment and risk reduction of infectious pathogens on chiropractic treatment tables. Chiropr Osteopath. 2007;15:8
8. Evans MW, Campbell A, Husbands C, Breshears J, Ndetan H, Rupert R. Cloth-covered chiropractic tables as a source of allergens and pathogenic microbes. J Chiropr Med. 2008;7:34–38
   • Abstract
   • Full Text
   • Full-Text PDF (259 KB)
9. Burnham K, Peterson D. Impact of microbial surveys on disinfection protocols in the chiropractic college environment [Abstract]. In: Proceedings and Abstracts of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Research Agenda Conference. Tyson's Corner, VA. J Chiropr Ed. 22:2008;p. 51
10. Guideline for hand hygiene in health care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR. 2002;51(No. RR-16):[inclusive page numbers]. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/handhygieneAccessed January 18, 2008
11. Zeller JL, Burke AE, Glass RM. MRSA infections. JAMA patient page. JAMA. 2007;298:1826;Available at www.jama.comAccessed January 15, 2008
12. Crawford B, Cameron M. Risk prevention strategies and infection control for chiropractors and osteopaths—part II. General prevention of infectious disease. In:  Victoria FS editors. Chiropractic and osteopathic College of Australasia: risk management program II. Australia: Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia; 2003;p. 33–36
13. Evans MW, Breshears J. Attitudes and behaviors of chiropractic college students on hand sanitizing and treatment table disinfection: results of initial survey and focus group. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 2007;44(4):13–23
14. Floyd R. Risk assessment related to chiropractic interns' beliefs and behaviors regarding hand sanitizing and the use of disinfection techniques for cleaning treatment tables [Abstract 166277]. In: Poster presented at: The 135th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Public Health Association; November 3-7, 2007; Washington, DC. 2007;
15. State of South Carolina. Minimum standards for licensing chiropractic facilities. Regulation no. 61-90. Board of Health and Environmental Certification. Division of Health Licensing. September 24, 1981.
16. National Safety Council . In: Bloodborne and airborne pathogens. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2005;p. 17–19
17. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health care facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Atlanta (Ga): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003;Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/enviro/guide.htmAccessed March 1, 2007
18. Spaulding EH. Role of chemical disinfection in the prevention of nosocomial infections. In:  Brachman PS,  Eickhoff TC editor. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nosocomial Infections, 1970. Chicago (Ill): American Hospital Association; 1971;p. 247–254
19. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings, 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf2007;Accessed July 9, 2007
20. Noskin GA, Bednarz P, Suriano T, Reiner S, Peterson LR. Persistent contamination of fabric-covered furniture by vancomycin-resistant enterococci: implications for upholstery selection in hospitals. Am J Infection Control. 2000;28:311–313
21. Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Model plans and programs for the OSHA booldborne pathogens and hazard communications standards. In: Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration; 2003;p. 3–4OSHA 3186-06R 2003
22. Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. General Duty Clause-29 U.S.C. 654(a)(1). US Department of Labor. Washington, DC. 1970. In: Occupational safety and health administration. Pandemic influenza preparedness and response Guidance for health care workers and health care employers. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor; 2007;p. 51;OSHA 3328-05
23. Larson E, McGinley K, Foglia A, et al. Hand washing practices and resistance and density of bacterial hand flora on two pediatric unites in Lima. Am J Infection Control. 1992;20:65–72
24. Larson EL, Quiros D, Lin SX. Dissemination of the CDC's hand hygiene guideline and impact on infection rates. Am J Infection Control. 2007;35:666–675
25. Pittet D. Compliance with hand disinfection and its impact on hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect. 2001;48(Suppl A):S40–S46
    • Abstract
    • Full-Text PDF (736 KB)
    • CrossRef
26. Lankford MG, Zembower TR, Trick WE, Hacek DM, Noskin GA, Peterson LR. Influence of role models and hospital design on hand hygiene of health care workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:217–223
    • MEDLINE
27. O'Boyle CA, Henly SJ, Larson E. Understanding adherence to hand hygiene recommendations: the theory of planned behavior. Am J Infect Control. 2001;29:352–360
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (90 KB)
    • CrossRef
28. Whitby M, Pessoa-Silva CL, McLaws ML, et al. Behavioural considerations for hand hygiene practices: the basic building blocks. J Hosp Inf. 2007;65:1–8
29. Sax H, Uçkay I, Ricket H, Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Determinants of good adherence to hand hygiene among health care workers who have extensive exposure to hand hygiene campaigns. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:1267–1274
    • CrossRef
30. Sharek PJ, Benitz WE, Abel NJ, Freeburn MJ, Mayer ML, Bergman DA. Effect of an evidence-based had washing policy on hand washing rates and false-positive coagulase negative Staphylococcus blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture rates in a level III NUCU. J Perinatol. 2002;22:137–143
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
31. Murthy R. Suspension of privileges improves physician adherence to hand hygiene. In: Paper presented at: The Infectious Diseases Society of American 45th Annual Meeting, Abstract 566. October 5. 2007;San Diego, CA
32. Carroll CM, Gladson SW, Camins BC. Your hands touch many lives: a hand hygiene compliance improvement campaign. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:E27–E28
    • Abstract
    • Full-Text PDF (77 KB)
    • CrossRef