Combination testing in orthopedic and neurologic physical examination: a proposed model

Abstract 

Objective

This article suggests a 4-part model for teaching and using orthopedic and neurologic physical testing.

Discussion

Four methods of combining and sequencing orthopedic and neurologic physical tests are described. The descriptions are followed by examples including test names, test performance, and the relationships between the tests in each group. The principles of the methods originated in the lead author's private practice and were refined while teaching chiropractic students and graduate doctors.

Conclusion

This model offers one possible method of combining and sequencing the orthopedic and neurologic examination in an effort to provide a more complete picture portraying the mechanisms, results, pathologies, differential diagnosis, and clinical thought processes associated with common orthopedic and neurologic physical tests.

Key indexing terms: Orthopedics, Physical examination, Neurologic examination, Differential diagnosis, Chiropractic